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Mitochondria-Targeted Antioxidants for Treatment of Hearing Loss: A Systematic Review

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/8/4/109

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31022870?dopt=Abstract

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Mitochondria-Targeted Antioxidants for Treatment of Hearing Loss: A Systematic Review.

Antioxidants (Basel). 2019 Apr 24;8(4):

Authors: Fujimoto C, Yamasoba T

Abstract

Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with the etiologies of sensorineural hearing loss, such as age-related hearing loss, noise- and ototoxic drug-induced hearing loss, as well as hearing loss due to mitochondrial gene mutation. Mitochondria are the main sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ROS-induced oxidative stress is involved in cochlear damage. Moreover, the release of ROS causes further damage to mitochondrial components. Antioxidants are thought to counteract the deleterious effects of ROS and thus, may be effective for the treatment of oxidative stress-related diseases. The administration of mitochondria-targeted antioxidants is one of the drug delivery systems targeted to mitochondria. Mitochondria-targeted antioxidants are expected to help in the prevention and/or treatment of diseases associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Of the various mitochondria-targeted antioxidants, the protective effects of MitoQ and SkQR1 against ototoxicity have been previously evaluated in animal models and/or mouse auditory cell lines. MitoQ protects against both gentamicin- and cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. SkQR1 also provides auditory protective effects against gentamicin-induced ototoxicity. On the other hand, decreasing effect of MitoQ on gentamicin-induced cell apoptosis in auditory cell lines has been controversial. No clinical studies have been reported for otoprotection using mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants. High-quality clinical trials are required to reveal the therapeutic effect of mitochondria-targeted antioxidants in terms of otoprotection in patients.

PMID: 31022870 [PubMed]

Antisense Oligonucleotides for the Treatment of Inner Ear Dysfunction

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs13311-019-00729-0

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30972560?dopt=Abstract

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Antisense Oligonucleotides for the Treatment of Inner Ear Dysfunction.

Neurotherapeutics. 2019 Apr 10;:

Authors: Hastings ML, Jones TA

Abstract

Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) have shown potential as therapeutic molecules for the treatment of inner ear dysfunction. The peripheral sensory organs responsible for both hearing and equilibrium are housed within the inner ear. Hearing loss and vestibular balance problems affect a large portion of the population and limited treatment options exist. Targeting ASOs to the inner ear as a therapeutic strategy has unique pharmacokinetic and drug delivery opportunities and challenges. Here, we review ASO technology, delivery, disease targets, and other key considerations for development of this therapeutic approach.

PMID: 30972560 [PubMed – as supplied by publisher]

Protective and therapeutic effects of milrinone on acoustic trauma in rat cochlea

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00405-019-05417-5

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30955065?dopt=Abstract

Protective and therapeutic effects of milrinone on acoustic trauma in rat cochlea.

Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2019 Apr 06;:

Authors: Ceylan SM, Uysal E, Altinay S, Sezgin E, Bilal N, Petekkaya E, Dokur M, Kanmaz MA, Gulbagci ME

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the potential protective and therapeutic effects of milrinone, a specific phosphodiesterase (PDE) III inhibitor, on acoustic trauma-induced cochlear injury and apoptosis.

METHODS: A total number of 30 healthy Wistar albino rats were evenly divided into five groups as follows: group 1 was assigned as control group; group 2 and 3 were assigned as low-dosage groups (0.25 mg/kg) in which milrinone was administered 1 h before acoustic trauma (AT) and 2 h after AT, respectively; group 4 and 5 were assigned as high-dosage groups (0.50 mg/kg) in which the drug was administered 1 h before AT and 2 h after AT, respectively. Except control group, all treatment groups received a single dosage of milrinone for 5 days. Distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) measurements were recorded before AT as well as at second and fifth post-traumatic days. At the end of fifth day, all rats were sacrificed and the cochlea of the rats was removed for histopathological evaluation. In addition, the groups were compared in terms of apoptotic index via caspase-3 staining.

RESULTS: In terms of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), there was no statistically significant difference among the groups following AT (p > 0.05). After 5 days of milrinone treatment, the best SNR values were found in group 5, though all groups did not statistically differ (p > 0.05). In histopathological evaluation, vacuolization, inflammation, and edema scores in all treatment groups were statistically lower than those of the control group (p < 0.05). In group 2 and 4 where the drug was administered before AT, the inflammation and apoptosis index was lower than those of group 3 and 5 where the drug was administered after AT (p < 0.0001).

CONCLUSION: We reveal that milrinone has a protective effect on cochlear damage in the experimental acoustic model of rats. This protective effect was more apparent following the pre-traumatic milrinone administration, and is associated with its effect on decreasing inflammation and apoptosis. Based on DPOAE measurements following AT, especially in the group 5 (high-dosage group), milrinone may also have a therapeutic effect.

PMID: 30955065 [PubMed – as supplied by publisher]

Protection of Spiral Ganglion Neurons and Prevention of Auditory Neuropathy

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-981-13-6123-4_6

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30915703?dopt=Abstract

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Protection of Spiral Ganglion Neurons and Prevention of Auditory Neuropathy.

Adv Exp Med Biol. 2019;1130:93-107

Authors: Liu W, Wang X, Wang M, Wang H

Abstract

In the auditory system, the primary sensory neurons, spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs), transmit complex acoustic information from hair cells to the second-order sensory neurons in the cochlear nucleus for sound processing, thus building the initial bridge between the physical world of sound and the perception of that sound. Cochlear SGN loss causes irreversible hearing impairment because this type of neural cell cannot regenerate. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of formation, structure, degeneration, and protection of SGNs will help to design potential therapeutic strategies for preservation and replacement of them in the cochlear implant recipient. In this review, we described and summarized the following about SGNs: (1) their cell biology and their peripheral and central connections, (2) mechanisms of their neuronal damage and their protection, and (3) the neural and synaptic mechanism of auditory neuropathy and current options for hearing rehabilitation from auditory neuropathy. The updates of the research progress and the significant issues on these topics were discussed.

PMID: 30915703 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

Polymorphism in GRHL2 gene may contribute to noise-induced hearing loss susceptibility

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1808869418304397?via%3Dihub

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30853467?dopt=Abstract

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Polymorphism in GRHL2 gene may contribute to noise-induced hearing loss susceptibility: a meta-analysis.

Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2020 May – Jun;86(3):370-375

Authors: Li X, Zhu Z, Li W, Wei L, Zhao B, Hao Z

Abstract

INSTRUCTION: Noise-induced hearing loss is a leading occupational disease caused by gene-environment interaction. The Grainy Like 2, GRHL2, is a candidate gene. In this regard, many studies have evaluated the association between GRHL2 and noise-induced hearing loss, although the results are ambiguous and conflicting.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to identify a precise estimation of the association between rs3735715 polymorphism in GRHL2 gene and susceptibility of noise-induced hearing loss.

METHODS: A comprehensive search was performed to collect data up to July 8, 2018. Finally, 4 eligible articles were included in this meta-analysis comprising 2410 subjects. The pooled odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were used to evaluate the strength of the association.

RESULTS: Significant association was found in the overall population in the dominant model (GA/AA vs. GG, odds ratio=0.707, 95% confidence interval=0.594-0.841) and allele model (G allele vs. A allele, odds ratio=1.189, 95% confidence interval=1.062-1.333). When stratified by source of the subjects, we also found association between rs3735715 and noise-induced hearing loss risk in the dominant model (GA/AA vs. GG, odds ratio=0.634, 95% confidence interval=0.514-0.783) and allele model (G allele vs. A allele, odds ratio=1.206, 95% confidence interval=1.054-1.379).

CONCLUSION: Rs3735715 polymorphism in GRHL2 gene may influence the susceptibility of noise-induced hearing loss. Additional large, well-designed and functional studies are needed to confirm this association in different populations.

PMID: 30853467 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

Dual AAV-mediated gene therapy restores hearing in a DFNB9 mouse model

https://www.pnas.org/content/116/10/4496

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30782832?dopt=Abstract

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Dual AAV-mediated gene therapy restores hearing in a DFNB9 mouse model.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019 03 05;116(10):4496-4501

Authors: Akil O, Dyka F, Calvet C, Emptoz A, Lahlou G, Nouaille S, Boutet de Monvel J, Hardelin JP, Hauswirth WW, Avan P, Petit C, Safieddine S, Lustig LR

Abstract

Autosomal recessive genetic forms (DFNB) account for most cases of profound congenital deafness. Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based gene therapy is a promising therapeutic option, but is limited by a potentially short therapeutic window and the constrained packaging capacity of the vector. We focus here on the otoferlin gene underlying DFNB9, one of the most frequent genetic forms of congenital deafness. We adopted a dual AAV approach using two different recombinant vectors, one containing the 5′ and the other the 3′ portions of otoferlin cDNA, which exceed the packaging capacity of the AAV when combined. A single delivery of the vector pair into the mature cochlea of Otof -/- mutant mice reconstituted the otoferlin cDNA coding sequence through recombination of the 5′ and 3′ cDNAs, leading to the durable restoration of otoferlin expression in transduced cells and a reversal of the deafness phenotype, raising hopes for future gene therapy trials in DFNB9 patients.

PMID: 30782832 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

Current concepts in cochlear ribbon synapse formation

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6573016/

Current concepts in cochlear ribbon synapse formation
Thomas M Coate 1, M Katie Scott 2, Mansa Gurjar 1
Affiliations expand
PMID: 30592086 PMCID: PMC6573016 DOI: 10.1002/syn.22087

SENS-401 Effectively Reduces Severe Acoustic Trauma-Induced Hearing Loss in Male Rats

https://journals.lww.com/otology-neurotology/Abstract/2019/02000/SENS_401_Effectively_Reduces_Severe_Acoustic.29.aspx

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30570608

SENS-401 Effectively Reduces Severe Acoustic Trauma-Induced Hearing Loss in Male Rats With Twice Daily Administration Delayed up to 96 hours

Abstract
HYPOTHESIS:
SENS-401 (R-azasetron besylate) is effective against severe acoustic trauma-induced hearing loss.

BACKGROUND:
SENS-401 has calcineurin inhibiting properties and attenuates cisplatin-induced hearing loss in a rat model. Cisplatin-induced and acoustic trauma-induced hearing loss share common apoptotic pathways.

METHODS:
The dose-response relationship of SENS-401 (6.6 mg/kg BID, 13.2 mg/kg BID, 26.4 mg/kg QD) and treatment time-window (13.2 mg/kg BID starting 24, 72, and 96 h posttrauma) versus placebo for 28 days were evaluated in a male rat model of severe acoustic trauma-induced hearing loss (120 dB SPL, 2 h) using auditory brainstem response (ABR) and distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) measures followed by cochlear outer hair cell (OHC) counting with myosin-VIIa immunolabeling.

RESULTS:
All SENS-401 doses improved ABR threshold shift and recovery, reaching statistical significance (p < 0.05) for ABR threshold recoveries after 28-days treatment. DPOAE amplitude loss and recovery improved markedly for 13.2 mg/kg BID SENS-401, reaching significance after 14 days (p < 0.05). Significant improvements in ABR threshold shifts/recovery and DPOAE amplitude loss occurred with up to 96-hours delay in initiating SENS-401 (p < 0.05), and in DPOAE amplitude recovery with up to 72-hours delay (p < 0.05). Significantly more surviving OHCs were present after SENS-401 treatment compared with placebo after 24 to 96-hours delay posttrauma, with up to 5.3-fold more cells in the basal cochlea turn. CONCLUSIONS: In vivo data support the otoprotective potential of twice daily oral SENS-401. Improvements in hearing loss recovery make SENS-401 a promising clinical candidate for acoustic trauma-induced hearing loss, including when treatment is not initiated immediately.

Treatment of military acoustic accidents with N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC)

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14992027.2018.1543961?journalCode=iija20

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30653365/

Treatment of military acoustic accidents with N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC)
Ulf Rosenhall,Björn Skoog &Per Muhr
Pages 151-157 | Received 05 Mar 2018, Accepted 24 Oct 2018, Published online: 17 Jan 2019
Download citation https://doi.org/10.1080/14992027.2018.1543961

Targeting the downregulation of connexin30 (Cx30) in the cochlea might be a therapeutic option for the prevention of age-related hearing loss

https://jcs.biologists.org/content/132/2/jcs224097

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30559251?dopt=Abstract

Targeting the downregulation of Cx30 in the cochlea might be a therapeutic option for the prevention of age-related hearing loss

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The connexin 30 A88V mutant reduces cochlear gap junction expression and confers long-term protection against hearing loss.

J Cell Sci. 2019 01 16;132(2):

Authors: Kelly JJ, Abitbol JM, Hulme S, Press ER, Laird DW, Allman BL

Abstract

Mutations in the genes that encode the gap junction proteins connexin 26 (Cx26, encoded by GJB2) and Cx30 (GJB6) are the leading cause of hereditary hearing loss. That said, the Cx30 p.Ala88Val (A88V) mutant causes Clouston syndrome, but not hearing loss. Here, we report that the Cx30-A88V mutant, despite being toxic to inner ear-derived HEI-OC1 cells, conferred remarkable long-term protection against age-related high frequency hearing loss in Cx30A88V/A88V mice. During early development, there were no overt structural differences in the cochlea between genotypes, including a normal complement of hair cells; however, the supporting cell Cx30 gap junction plaques in mutant mice were reduced in size. In adulthood, Cx30A88V/A88V mutant mice had a reduction of cochlear Cx30 mRNA and protein, yet a full complement of hair cells. Conversely, the age-related high frequency hearing loss in Cx30+/+ and Cx30+/A88V mice was due to extensive loss of outer hair cells. Our data suggest that the Cx30-A88V mutant confers long-term hearing protection and prevention of hair cell death, possibly via a feedback mechanism that leads to the reduction of total Cx30 gap junction expression in the cochlea.

PMID: 30559251 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

The Use of Gliatilin (Choline Alfoscerate) in Patients With Sensorineural Hearing Loss

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32027336/

Gliatilin (Choline Alfoscerate)

Vestn Otorinolaringol
2019;84(6):132-136. doi: 10.17116/otorino201984061132.
[The Use of Gliathiline in Patients With Sensorineural Hearing Loss] [Article in Russian] N L Kunelskaya 1, E V Baybakova 2, E S Yanyushkina 2, M A Chugunova 2, M V Tardov 2, Z O Zaoeva 2, G N Izotova 2, E V Larionova 2
Affiliations collapse
Affiliations
1The Sverzhevskiy’s Research clinical Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Moscow, Russia, 117152; Department of Otorhinolaryngology N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia, 117997.
2The Sverzhevskiy’s Research clinical Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Moscow, Russia, 117152.
PMID: 32027336 DOI: 10.17116/otorino201984061132
Abstract in English , Russian
The results of treatment of 38 patients suffering from sensorineural hearing loss with the Gliatilin (solution 3 ml intravenously for 10 days, capsules 400 mg 3 times a day or solution for ingestion 600 mg 2 times a day for 3 months) are presented. All patients in dynamics were given a comprehensive audiological, neurological examination, as well as an assessment of psycho-emotional status and cognitive function. Subjective improvement of ear noise tolerance by patients by 40 days of observation and continuation of this trend during the whole period (100 days) outside of the form of the medicinal preparation is noted. A reliable improvement in the 50% speech intelligibility threshold by day 100 of observation was established in patients of both groups, with a tendency towards earlier (on day 70 of the study) onset of this effect when taking the drug inside as a solution. The Gliatilin has been proven to reduce anxiety and depression, as well as reliably improve cognitive function. Thus, Gliatilin (injection solution, ingestion solution, capsules) can be used to improve the subjective tolerance of ear noise, speech intelligibility and quality of life of patients in chronic sensorineural hearing loss.

To hear a whisper: biotechs chase new thinking to restore hearing

https://www.nature.com/articles/nbt1218-1128

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30520875?dopt=Abstract

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To hear a whisper: biotechs chase new thinking to restore hearing.

Nat Biotechnol. 2018 12 06;36(12):1128-1129

Authors: Jones D

PMID: 30520875 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

Tonotopy in calcium homeostasis and vulnerability of cochlear hair cells

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378595518303940?via%3Dihub

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30473131?dopt=Abstract

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Tonotopy in calcium homeostasis and vulnerability of cochlear hair cells.

Hear Res. 2019 05;376:11-21

Authors: Fettiplace R, Nam JH

Abstract

Ototoxicity, noise overstimulation, or aging, can all produce hearing loss with similar properties, in which outer hair cells (OHCs), principally those at the high-frequency base of the cochlea, are preferentially affected. We suggest that the differential vulnerability may partly arise from differences in Ca2+ balance among cochlear locations. Homeostasis is determined by three factors: Ca2+ influx mainly via mechanotransducer (MET) channels; buffering by calcium-binding proteins and organelles like mitochondria; and extrusion by the plasma membrane CaATPase pump. We review quantification of these parameters and use our experimentally-determined values to model changes in cytoplasmic and mitochondrial Ca2+ during Ca2+ influx through the MET channels. We suggest that, in OHCs, there are two distinct micro-compartments for Ca2+ handling, one in the hair bundle and the other in the cell soma. One conclusion of the modeling is that there is a tonotopic gradient in the ability of OHCs to handle the Ca2+ load, which correlates with their vulnerability to environmental challenges. High-frequency basal OHCs are the most susceptible because they have much larger MET currents and have smaller dimensions than low-frequency apical OHCs.

PMID: 30473131 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

Supporting cell survival after cochlear implant surgery

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lary.27539

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30325510?dopt=Abstract

Related Articles

Supporting cell survival after cochlear implant surgery.

Laryngoscope. 2019 01;129(1):E36-E40

Authors: deTorres A, Olszewski RT, Lopez IA, Ishiyama A, Linthicum FH, Hoa M

Abstract

Supporting cells (SCs) provide structure and maintain an environment that allows hair cells to receive and transmit signals in the auditory pathway. After insult to hair cells and ganglion cells, SCs respond by marking unsalvageable cells for death and maintain structural integrity. Although the histopathology after cochlear implantation has been described regarding hair cells and neural structures, surviving SCs in the implanted ear have not. We present a patient whose posthumous examination of an implanted cochlea demonstrated SC survival. This finding has implications for SC function in maintaining electrical hearing and candidacy for future hair cell regeneration therapies. Laryngoscope, 129:E36-E40, 2019.

PMID: 30325510 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

Generating inner ear organoids containing putative cochlear hair cells from human pluripotent stem cells

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41419-018-0967-1

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30206231?dopt=Abstract

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Generating inner ear organoids containing putative cochlear hair cells from human pluripotent stem cells.

Cell Death Dis. 2018 09 11;9(9):922

Authors: Jeong M, O’Reilly M, Kirkwood NK, Al-Aama J, Lako M, Kros CJ, Armstrong L

Abstract

In view of the prevalence of sensorineural hearing defects in an ageing population, the development of protocols to generate cochlear hair cells and their associated sensory neurons as tools to further our understanding of inner ear development are highly desirable. We report herein a robust protocol for the generation of both vestibular and cochlear hair cells from human pluripotent stem cells which represents an advance over currently available methods that have been reported to generate vestibular hair cells only. Generating otic organoids from human pluripotent stem cells using a three-dimensional culture system, we show formation of both types of sensory hair cells bearing stereociliary bundles with active mechano-sensory ion channels. These cells share many morphological characteristics with their in vivo counterparts during embryonic development of the cochlear and vestibular organs and moreover demonstrate electrophysiological activity detected through single-cell patch clamping. Collectively these data represent an advance in our ability to generate cells of an otic lineage and will be useful for building models of the sensory regions of the cochlea and vestibule.

PMID: 30206231 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

Association between Uncoupling Protein 2 Gene Ala55val Polymorphism and Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30100544?dopt=Abstract

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Association between Uncoupling Protein 2 Gene Ala55val Polymorphism and Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss.

J Int Adv Otol. 2018 Aug;14(2):166-169

Authors: Koide Y, Teranishi M, Sugiura S, Uchida Y, Nishio N, Kato K, Otake H, Yoshida T, Otsuka R, Ando F, Shimokata H, Hasegawa Y, Nakashima T, Sone M

Abstract

OBJECTIVES: The pathology of sudden sensorineural hearing loss, which is known as sudden deafness (SD), remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) polymorphism and SD risk.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: We compared 83 patients suffering from SD and 2048 controls who participated in the Longitudinal Study of Aging at the National Institute for Longevity Sciences. Multiple logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) for SD with a polymorphism of the UCP2 (rs660339) gene.

RESULTS: Under the additive model of inheritance, UCP2 polymorphisms showed significant association with a SD risk. The OR was 1.468 (95% confidence interval, 1.056-2.040) with an adjustment for any past history, such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, or hypertension, and for age and sex.

CONCLUSION: Our results imply that the UCP2 (rs660339) polymorphism has a significant association with the risk of developing SD.

PMID: 30100544 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

Effects of parenteral papaverine and piracetam administration on cochlea following acoustic trauma

http://www.noiseandhealth.org/article.asp?issn=1463-1741;year=2018;volume=20;issue=93;spage=47;epage=52;aulast=Kum

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29676295?dopt=Abstract

Related Articles

Effects of parenteral papaverine and piracetam administration on cochlea following acoustic trauma.

Noise Health. 2018 Mar-Apr;20(93):47-52

Authors: Kum NY, Yilmaz YF, Gurgen SG, Kum RO, Ozcan M, Unal A

Abstract

Introduction: Noise exposure, the main cause of hearing loss in countries with lot of industries, may result both in temporary or permanent hearing loss. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of parenteral papaverine and piracetam administration following an acoustic trauma on hearing function with histopathologic correlation.

Materials and Methods: Eighteen Wistar albino rats exposed to noise for 8 h in a free environment were included. We divided the study population into three groups, and performed daily intraperitoneal injections of papaverine, piracetam, and saline, respectively, throughout the study. We investigated the histopathologic effects of cellular apoptosis on inner hair cells (IHCs) and outer hair cells (OHCs) and compared the distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) thresholds among the groups.

Results and Discussion: On the 3rd and 7th days, DPOAE thresholds at 8 kHz were significantly higher both in papaverine and piracetam groups compared with the control group (P = 0.004 for 3rd day, P = 0.016 and P = 0.028 for 7th day, respectively). On the 14th day, piracetam group had significantly higher mean thresholds at 8 kHz (P = 0.029); however, papaverine group had similar mean thresholds compared to the control group (P = 0.200). On the 3rd and 7th days following acoustic trauma, both IHC and OHC loss were significantly lower in both papaverine and piracetam groups. On the 7th day, the mean amount of apoptotic IHCs and OHCs identified using Caspase-3 method were significantly lower in both groups, but the mean amount identified using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling method were similar in both groups compared to the control group.

Conclusion: We demonstrated the effects of papaverine and piracetam on the recovery of cochlear damage due to acoustic trauma on experimental animals using histopathologic and electrophysiologic examinations.

PMID: 29676295 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

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